AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The initial denaturation step is commonly performed at 94–98°C for 1–3 minutes. The time and temperature of this step can vary depending on the nature of the template DNA and salt concentrations of buffer.

Detailed explanation-2: -Denaturation: The reaction temperature is increased to 95 °C, which melts (disrupts the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases) all dsDNA into single-stranded DNA (ssDNA).

Detailed explanation-3: -Denaturing stage During this stage the cocktail containing the template DNA and all the other core ingredients is heated to 94-95⁰C. The high temperature causes the hydrogen bonds? between the bases in two strands of template DNA to break and the two strands to separate.

Detailed explanation-4: -PCR machine steps The solution contained in the tube is heated to at least 94°C (201.2°F) using a thermal cycler. The heat breaks the hydrogen bonds of the original DNA sample and separates the DNA into single strands (this is termed denaturation of double-stranded DNA).

Detailed explanation-5: -Peak p at 95 degrees C results from melting of a portion of the cellular DNA combined with denaturation of a cell wall component. Peak q at 105 degrees C is multicomponent and may be caused by melting of a different region of DNA together with denaturation of another cell wall component.