AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Both the plasmid (blue, backbone) and the DNA sequence of interest (green, insert) are cut with restriction enzymes to generate compatible overhangs that allow them to bind. Ligase is used to make bonds between the insert and backbone covalent.

Detailed explanation-2: -The insertion starts with the use of restriction enzymes which is also known as restriction endonuclease which cut the gene and circular plasmid at a specific point through the sugar-phosphate backbone, both the gene and plasmid produce compatible ends.

Detailed explanation-3: -The restriction enzymes cuts at fixed sequences, therefore same restriction enzyme must be used since it forms fragments with complementary sticky ends, therefore facilitating the formation of bonds between them.

Detailed explanation-4: -When foreign DNA and plasmid are both cut with the same restriction enzyme and mixed together, all molecules will form recombinants.