AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Abstract. Plasmids are self-replicating extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as in some yeast and other fungi. Although most of them are covalently closed circular double-stranded DNA molecules, recently linear plasmids have been isolated from different bacteria.

Detailed explanation-2: -Plasmids are extra chromosomal genetic element found in many bacteria. Plasmids are closed circles of double stranded DNA that can exists and replicate independently of the chromosome. Plasmids provide genetic instruction for certain cell activities (e.g. resistance of antibiotic drugs).

Detailed explanation-3: -Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules that can potentially be transferred horizontally as well as vertically in bacterial lineages. Plasmids have been shown to code for numerous bacterial phenotypes, the most concerning of which is resistance to commonly used antibiotics.

Detailed explanation-4: -Introduction. EccDNA refers to a type of double-stranded circular DNA that is derived and free from chromosomes. In 1965, Alix Bassel and Yasuo Hoota first observed eccDNA in boar sperm using the electron microscope (Hotta and Bassel, 1965).

Detailed explanation-5: -A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells, and they also occur in some eukaryotes. Often, the genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.