AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Researchers can insert DNA fragments or genes into a plasmid vector, creating a so-called recombinant plasmid. This plasmid can be introduced into a bacterium by way of the process called transformation. Then, because bacteria divide rapidly, they can be used as factories to copy DNA fragments in large quantities.

Detailed explanation-2: -Bacterial transformation is a process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment. It was first reported in Streptococcus pneumoniae by Griffith in 1928. DNA as the transforming principle was demonstrated by Avery et al in 1944. 2.

Detailed explanation-3: -The recombinant plasmid molecule that consists of foreign DNA and vector-specific sequence is introduced into bacterial host cells, usually a strain of Escherichia coli, by the process of transformation.

Detailed explanation-4: -Transformation is a form of genetic recombination in which a DNA fragment from a dead, degraded bacterium enters a competent recipient bacterium and is exchanged for a piece of DNA of the recipient.

Detailed explanation-5: -The plasmid is introduced into bacteria via a process called transformation, and bacteria carrying the plasmid are selected using antibiotics. Bacteria with the correct plasmid are used to make more plasmid DNA or, in some cases, induced to express the gene and make protein.