AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Spike proteins called, S proteins, recognize the ACE2 receptors of host cells allowing the virus to enter the host cell. Upon entry into the host cell, the virus hijacks the host and turns it into a factory producing many, many copies of SARS-CoV-2.

Detailed explanation-2: -Numerous viruses, especially enveloped viruses, use and modify compartments of the secretory pathway to promote their replication, assembly and cell egression by hijacking the host cell machinery.

Detailed explanation-3: -Viruses cannot replicate on their own, but rather depend on their host cell’s protein synthesis pathways to reproduce. This typically occurs by the virus inserting its genetic material in host cells, co-opting the proteins to create viral replicates, until the cell bursts from the high volume of new viral particles.

Detailed explanation-4: -Both enveloped and nonenveloped viruses use the proteins present on their surfaces to bind to and enter the host cell. Helenius’s research showed that viruses have evolved the ability to efficiently hijack and use the cell’s endocytosis mechanism to invade their host cells.

Detailed explanation-5: -Viruses clearly rely on host cell machinery to propagate-they promote anabolism for generation of macromolecules needed for virion replication and assembly. Therefore, it is not surprising that viral infection triggers metabolic reprogramming in host cells to facilitate optimal virus production.