AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Recessive alleles are denoted by a lowercase letter (a versus A). Only individuals with an aa genotype will express a recessive trait; therefore, offspring must receive one recessive allele from each parent to exhibit a recessive trait.

Detailed explanation-2: -Answer and Explanation: In the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem it states p2 +2pq + q2 = 1. p2 represents the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype, q2 represents the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype, and 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype.

Detailed explanation-3: -In the equation, p2 represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype AA, q2 represents the frequency of the homozygous genotype aa, and 2pq represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype Aa.

Detailed explanation-4: -p = the frequency of the dominant allele in a population. q = the frequency of the recessive allele in a population.