AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Translocations. A translocation occurs when a piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This type of rearrangement is described as balanced if no genetic material is gained or lost in the cell. If there is a gain or loss of genetic material, the translocation is described as unbalanced .

Detailed explanation-2: -Translocation Mutation Example For example, a person may have a balanced translocation between chromosomes 7 and 21. The q arms of each chromosome have been switched. But this person has all the genetic material required for normal protein synthesis and function.

Detailed explanation-3: -A chromosomal defect in which a segment of the chromosome breaks off and reattaches in the reverse direction.

Detailed explanation-4: -A prototypical example of this phenomenon is represented by the Philadelphia chromosome associated with human lymphoma/leukemia. This specific chromosomal abnormality consists of a translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22 and is seen in 85% of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Detailed explanation-5: -The four main types of structural chromosomal aberrations are deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation.