AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Thus, if a mutation, for example, an insertion or a deletion of the nucleotide, occurs, this could result in the alteration of the reading frame. It completely changes the amino acid sequence. Such mutations are known as frameshift mutation (also called reading frame mutation, reading frame shift, or framing error).

Detailed explanation-2: -An insertion or deletion involving a number of base pairs that is not a multiple of three, which consequently disrupts the triplet reading frame of a DNA sequence.

Detailed explanation-3: -In other cases, mutations alter the way a gene is read through either the insertion or the deletion of a single base. In these so-called frameshift mutations, entire proteins are altered as a result of the deletion or insertion.

Detailed explanation-4: -Frameshift mutations are deletions or additions of 1, 2, or 4 nucleotides that change the ribosome reading frame and cause premature termination of translation at a new nonsense or chain termination codon (TAA, TAG, and TGA).

Detailed explanation-5: -Frameshift mutations arise when the normal sequence of codons is disrupted by the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides, provided that the number of nucleotides added or removed is not a multiple of three.