AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In pedigree analysis, normal male and normal females are represented by “square” and “circle” respectively. The affected male and affected females are represented by “shaded square” and “shaded circle” respectively.

Detailed explanation-2: -A half-shaded circle or square indicates that a person is a carrier of the trait. A completely shaded circle or square indicates that a person expresses the trait. A circle or square that is not shaded indicates that a person neither expresses the trait nor is a carrier of the trait. death of the individual.

Detailed explanation-3: -In human genetics, pedigree diagrams are utilized to trace the inheritance of a specific trait, abnormality, or disease. A male is represented by a square or the symbol ♂, a female by a circle or the symbol ♀.

Detailed explanation-4: -The unidentified sex is represented by diamond shape. Hence, option A stands for unaffected female while option B stands for unaffected male; option C stands for affected unidentified sex not for affected male.

Detailed explanation-5: -In the pedigree chart, a male and a female are represented with a square and a circle respectively. An affected female is represented by a completely shaded circle.