AP BIOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Multiple cloning sites are a feature that allows for the insertion of foreign DNA without disrupting the rest of the plasmid which makes it extremely useful in biotechnology, bioengineering, and molecular genetics.

Detailed explanation-2: -The standard Type II restriction enzymes, such as EcoRV and BamHI, are homodimers that recognise palindromic sequences, typically 4–8 bp long, and cut both strands at specified positions within the sequence. They cleave DNA with multiple sites by means of separate reactions at each site.

Detailed explanation-3: -Plasmids are very useful in biotechnology and one key feature of their use is the multiple cloning site, which allows for foreign DNA to be inserted into the plasmid. This enables the plasmid to act as a vector to insert DNA into another cell, for example to create a transgenic organism or for use in gene therapy.

Detailed explanation-4: -If EcoRI is used to digest both human chromosomal DNA and a plasmid, it will cut the chromosomal DNA over 700, 000 times (3 billion base pairs, cut every 4096 base pairs), but may only cut the plasmid once (5, 000 base pairs, cut every 4096 base pairs).